Brain Drain may seem like a term directly pulled out of a sci-fi story. However, it is entirely grounded in reality. It has always been a part of human history as talented and skilled individuals migrate to other countries from their homeland for better living standards. 
This usually results in losing valuable, competent, and skilled individuals of a less developed country, industry, or company to a highly developed one. In recent years, it has become more of a cause for concern for developing countries, as it can potentially stagnate the development of an entire nation.
According to a UNFPA report, Bangladesh is currently enjoying a demographic dividend. That is to say, we have a window of opportunity where the unique population ratio reflects that our nation has a significant working population.  


As of 2021, the population demographic of Bangladesh indicates that close to 40% of the population is between 15-35 years old, meaning these young individuals can quickly learn new things, undertake new tasks, and work more to impact the economy by improving their own lives. 
A large portion of the population who are young, are vital for creating business, generating jobs, and ultimately accumulating wealth for the nation. But it will only pay off if we invest heavily in healthcare, education, and skills development to unlock the potential of these young individuals and capture the returns.
Five years ago, a survey created a lot of stir in Bangladesh, when a World Economic Forum study showed that 82% of the population aged between 15-29 would prefer to migrate abroad.
We believe many of those young people with an intention to leave have already left. If one just looks around, one will undoubtedly find at least some people who have migrated to North America, Europe, or Australia in the past few years. 
Now, for Bangladesh or any of the developing countries, it is nothing new, as brain drain is a pretty common phenomenon. When the economy fails to provide jobs and opportunities for the youth, a large portion of the skilled workforce is forced to move abroad to find scope for growth, employment, and a better life.
But according to a prediction of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Bangladesh is projected to have a GDP growth rate of 6.8% and 7.2% respectively, in 2021 and 2022. Despite the global pandemic, the mysterious and miraculous Bangladeshi economy prevailed.
The country is scheduled to graduate from the ranks of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to a middle income country by 2024. The government's commitment to development has earned us the applause of the world at the UN and has given us the SDG Progress Award by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN). 
Yes, 20-years ago, it would have made sense for an aspiring young individual to leave the country, their friends and family, their community and a life they have known since birth for carving out a better one in a foreign nation. But why is it happening right now? 
This happens due to two distinct factors, push and pull factors. One of the major push factors is the lack of quality higher education opportunities. According to UNESCO, an average of 90,000 students left for the USA alone for higher education. Scientists and scholars get little incentive to invent and create new knowledge in our country. 
On the flip side, the primary pull factors are better career opportunities, quality higher education, social security, freedom of choice, etc. Both these factors contribute to skilled individuals departing from their homeland for good.
It should be acknowledged that a good few cases of reverse brain drain are also taking place in Bangladesh, where successful professionals and investors are returning to Bangladesh to invest in its growing economy.
They invest in startups, innovative entrepreneurial ventures, and social businesses, but the numbers are not nearly enough to make up for the outflow of talent. Data sourced from Fund for Peace indicates a 7.6 index point for Bangladesh's brain drain in 2019. 
To give it a better perspective, the average in 2019 was 5.55 index points, and even our neighboring nation, India, had an index point of 6.1, which is much lower than us. Afghanistan, Sudan, Syria, and Somalia also have slightly higher index points than us. 
All of these countries scoring worse than Bangladesh are underdeveloped, which is a significant determinant of brain drain.


According to past surveys, most people who intended to leave the country answered that the rationale for leaving the place they have known for their entire life is not all economic. They were looking for a "better life", a life with more social and financial security.  
With the growing opportunities around the planet and due to the moderately lower population growth and skill shortage in many developing countries, Bangladesh is destined to lose a significant portion of its intelligent population. 
Just as an organisation has a cost of turnover, these migrations have a cost too. 
The skills have been nurtured and developed in our country, but we have failed to attract them to stay. 
If we do not act soon, it will be too late; we will see an increasing number of people from Bangladesh leave the country and move on for a better life, investing their skills to advance another country's economy.  
The government must move fast to create lucrative opportunities for skilled citizens so that they are not tempted to leave. 
It will also be a reassurance mechanism for the rest of the population, motivating future generations to work for the development of their nation, instead of working for a foreign one. 
The author is a lecturer of Strategy, Management and HR at the Department of Management School of Business & Economics of North South University.

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The dynamics within educational institutions are often influenced by a myriad of factors, with the role of students being paramount in maintaining the overall educational atmosphere. While teachers play a significant role in imparting knowledge and guidance, it is the students who contribute significantly to shaping the environment within these institutions.

Student-Centric Factors:

Peer Interactions and Relationships: Students are the primary architects of their social milieu. Interactions among peers, the formation of friendships, and the development of a collaborative learning culture all hinge on the active engagement and choices made by students.

Academic Integrity and Ethical Standards: Upholding academic integrity is a responsibility that lies heavily on the shoulders of students. The commitment to ethical standards, such as avoiding plagiarism and promoting fair play, contributes to a positive educational atmosphere that fosters genuine learning.

Participation in Extracurricular Activities: The vibrancy of educational institutions often stems from students' involvement in extracurricular activities. Whether it's clubs, sports, or cultural events, students drive the diverse and dynamic nature of these extracurricular pursuits, contributing to the overall educational experience.

Respect for Diversity and Inclusivity: Students play a pivotal role in fostering an inclusive and diverse atmosphere. The acceptance of different perspectives, backgrounds, and ideas creates a rich learning environment that goes beyond the confines of the curriculum.

Responsibility for Institutional Resources: Students are stewards of the institutional resources provided for their education. Responsible use of facilities, libraries, and technological resources contributes to a positive atmosphere that benefits the entire academic community.

Teacher-Student Collaboration:
While students hold a crucial role in maintaining the educational atmosphere, it is essential to acknowledge the symbiotic relationship between students and teachers. Effective collaboration between educators and students enhances the overall quality of education, creating a positive feedback loop that reinforces a healthy learning environment.

Conclusion:
In educational institutions, the assertion that it is the students, not just the teachers, who maintain the educational atmosphere underscores the agency and influence students have in shaping their own educational journey. Emphasizing the significance of student engagement, responsibility, and collaboration fosters a holistic approach to education, understanding that the vitality of the learning environment relies on the active participation and choices made by the students themselves.

What Is A Student-Teacher Relationship?
A student-teacher relationship in the classroom is a positive relationship between the teacher and the student in efforts to gain trust and respect from each other. This relationship may consist of getting to know your students better, providing choice and encouraging the students to become stronger learners everyday. By doing this teachers are showing respect to their students, valuing their individuality and being polite. Having a positive relationship with your students helps them become more successful in the classroom as well as makes your classroom a safe and welcoming environment for all.

Ways To Build A Student-Teacher Relationship
There are many tips and tricks that can be used to build a strong student teacher relationship. One way that a strong student teacher relationship can be created is by making it apparent that the teacher cares about the students (“6 Ways to Build Strong Teacher-Student Relationships with SEL”, 2022). This can be done by talking with your students, such as asking about their day. Another way could be by listening to your students, this can be done by hearing their opinions, taking into account their interests, and by learning each student’s unique learning styles (“6 Ways to Build Strong Teacher-Student Relationships with SEL”, 2022). As well you can develop mutual trust with your students, such as providing them with choices and always having their best interest in mind (“6 Ways to Build Strong Teacher-Student Relationships with SEL”, 2022). In addition, you always have to be respectful and fair with each and everyone of your students (“6 Ways to Build Strong Teacher-Student Relationships with SEL”, 2022). You can ensure this by not picking favorites and having the same corrected behavior for each student. Furthermore, you can get to know your students and their families. This can be done by paying attention to your students during class and offering them opportunities to talk or share what they want about their families. Lastly, by giving your students positive words of encouragement and constructive criticism (“6 Ways to Build Strong Teacher-Student Relationships with SEL”, 2022). This is important due to the fact that it creates trust with your students, as they know they can rely on you to be honest. Of course, there are many other alternative ways to build a positive student teacher relationship, but these are some great examples of how to start.

Advantages of a Student-Teacher Relationship
Student- teacher relationships have displayed many advantages in the classroom. To start, students who share a positive relationship with their teacher develop stronger social-emotional skills. In addition, these students are more likely to absorb an increased amount of academic knowledge (Positive teacher-student relationships have cascading benefits, 2021). The result of a strong student-teacher relationship is that it allows students to feel confident through exploration and taking risks in their academic tasks. In short, students who have a positive student-teacher relationship demonstrate a stronger performance in the classroom (Positive teacher-student relationships have cascading benefits, 2021). However, one of the most important impacts of a positive student-teacher relationship is the production of an environment that incorporates mutual respect. One way an educator can produce a strong relationship with a student is to explicitly define learning goals and expectations in a positive manner. This could look different for groups of students or individual students. The strong relationship will allow for educators to be aware of their students’ learning and adjust their learning goals and expectations as needed (Admin, 2017). In the same manner, the educator should allow opportunities for students of all learning styles to participate in class discussions through oral and written communication. In addition to academic advantages, positive student-teacher relationships improve mental health and assists students in developing self-worth (Admin, 2017). Oftentimes, students look up to their educators as mentors. With this in mind, students are likely to feel pride when the educator encourages them in their learning and social interactions. Social competence, problem-solving abilities, autonomy, and a feeling of a bright future or purpose are protective elements that boost resilience, these all can be developed in a supportive teaching atmosphere (Bondy et al., 2007). As noted, students benefit from positive student-teacher relationships. Likewise, educators benefit as well. While creating strong relationships with their students, educators are strengthening their own interpersonal and professional skills (Admin, 2017). By strengthening their interpersonal communication skills, educators are more likely to respond effectively to stressful situations. In addition, educators are able to form relationships with parents and coworkers. In summary, it can be noted that students and educators equally benefit from the creation of positive student-teacher relationships.

The Importance Of Student-Teacher Relationships: Short and Long Term
As stated, student-teacher relationships are highly essential in an effective classroom. Specifically, student-teacher relationships are important for students in their short term and long term education. Student-teacher relationships are important in the short term because it creates a thriving classroom environment, helps students develop self worth and improves student mental health (Buffet, 2019). In the same manner, these positive relationships may decrease behavioral problems and promote academic success. Student- teacher relationships help foster the academic success of students. With this being said, student-teacher relationships assist students in the short term. These relationships support students for the specific year they spend in that educational setting with the educator (Buffet, 2019). Likewise, a positive student-teacher relationship is very important in the long term because it gives students confidence as well as ensuring that they know that their ideas are valuable. In turn, this allows students to carry this confidence throughout their future years pursuing academics. Also, this confidence and recognition of self-worth can be seen in social and emotional aspects of the students life. Another long term effect is that positive teacher relationships teach students that mistakes are an indication that they are learning. Learning is ongoing and students are able to identify this through the production of positive student-teacher relationships. This type of relationship will foster confidence in the long-term for the student.

Causes of Poor Student Teacher Relationships
Poor teacher-student relationships result from the instructor’s lack of awareness. Some students require tailored educational approaches since they do not respond to learning in the same way as others. When a teacher fails to regard an individual student’s educational needs, relationship problems between teachers and students arise. Each student’s ability to learn and interact with educators is influenced by their personality, family backgrounds, mental processes, learning styles, priorities, maturity levels, and academic ambitions (Tucker, 2021). When possible, teachers should treat each student as an individual who deserves one-on-one attention and specialized, concentrated education. In addition, a poor student-teacher relationship will develop if the educator’s main or only priority in the classroom is academics (Tucker, 2021). In correspondence with academics, students need to feel cared for and have the chance to feel strong emotions. Educators are responsible for building relationships with students that are not surface level or academically focused. Students should feel that their educator is someone they can trust and communicate freely with. The lack of empathy displayed by an educator can result in a poor student-teacher relationship.

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The internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, connecting us with the world and providing us with a vast array of information, resources, and entertainment. However, as with any technology, the internet also has its downsides. In this essay, I will argue that while the internet can be a blessing, it can also be a curse.

On the one hand, the internet is a blessing in many ways. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, making it easy and convenient for people to stay in touch with friends and family, regardless of where they are located.

Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have made it possible for people to connect with others from all over the world, fostering a sense of global community and understanding. The internet has also made it easier for people to access information and resources. From educational resources to job postings, the internet has made it possible for people to access information quickly and easily.

Furthermore, the internet has also become a powerful tool for businesses. E-commerce platforms like Amazon, Etsy, and Alibaba have made it possible for small businesses to reach a global market, increasing their potential for growth and success. This has also made it possible for consumers to access a wider range of products and services, increasing competition and driving prices down.

However, the internet also has its downsides. One of the biggest concerns is the issue of privacy. With the rise of social media and other online platforms, personal information is readily available to anyone who wants to access it. This has led to an increase in identity theft and other forms of cybercrime. Additionally, the internet has also made it easier for hackers and other cybercriminals to access sensitive information, putting businesses and individuals at risk.

Another concern is the issue of addiction. The internet is designed to be addictive, with constant notifications, updates, and new content to keep people engaged. This has led to an increase in internet addiction, with people spending excessive amounts of time online and neglecting other important aspects of their lives. This can have a negative impact on mental health, relationships, and overall well-being.

The internet has also had a negative impact on the way we consume information. With the abundance of information available online, it can be difficult to distinguish between credible sources and fake news. This has led to a decrease in critical thinking and an increase in misinformation, which can have serious consequences for individuals and society as a whole.

In summary, the internet can be both a blessing and a curse. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business. However, it also has its downsides, including privacy concerns, addiction, and the spread of misinformation.

It is important that we are aware of these downsides and take steps to mitigate them. This includes being mindful of the amount of time we spend online, being cautious about the personal information we share, and being critical of the information we consume. The internet can be a powerful tool, but it is up to us to use it responsibly.

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The internet, hailed as one of humanity's greatest inventions, is a double-edged sword that has fundamentally transformed the way we communicate, work, and live. While it brings unparalleled connectivity, information access, and efficiency, it also carries the weight of social challenges, leading some to label it as more of a curse than a blessing. The Curse: Digital Divide: The internet exacerbates social inequalities by creating a digital divide. Not everyone has equal access to information and opportunities, perpetuating societal disparities and limiting the potential for widespread benefit. Social Isolation: Paradoxically, the internet, designed to connect people globally, can foster social isolation. Increased screen time and reliance on virtual interactions have been linked to feelings of loneliness and disconnection from the real world. Cyberbullying and Harassment: The anonymity provided by the internet has given rise to cyberbullying and online harassment, with detrimental consequences on mental health. Social media platforms, in particular, can become breeding grounds for toxicity and negativity. Erosion of Privacy: The internet's pervasive presence has eroded personal privacy. Data breaches, surveillance, and the commodification of personal information have become prevalent concerns, challenging the very fabric of trust in online spaces. Misinformation and Echo Chambers: The ease with which information spreads on the internet has led to the proliferation of misinformation. Social media algorithms contribute to the creation of echo chambers, where individuals are exposed only to perspectives that align with their existing beliefs, fostering polarization and limiting open discourse. The Blessing: Global Connectivity: The internet has facilitated global connectivity, allowing individuals to communicate and collaborate across borders. This interconnectedness has spurred cultural exchange, business collaborations, and the sharing of knowledge on an unprecedented scale. Information Access: Instant access to vast amounts of information has democratized knowledge, empowering individuals to learn, innovate, and engage with a breadth of perspectives. Educational resources, research findings, and diverse viewpoints are just a click away. Remote Work and Collaboration: The internet has revolutionized work dynamics, enabling remote work and collaboration. This has proven particularly valuable during global challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic, providing continuity to businesses and fostering flexibility in work arrangements. Economic Opportunities: E-commerce, digital entrepreneurship, and online platforms have created new economic opportunities, especially for small businesses and individuals. The internet serves as a marketplace for innovation and entrepreneurship. Social Activism: The internet has amplified voices for social justice and activism. Movements advocating for change, awareness campaigns, and grassroots initiatives find a global audience through social media and online platforms.

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How does capitalist system make rich richer and poor poorer?
This is a very timely and good question. In recent last 10 years, there seems to be something wrong with capitalism which results in the new generation to remain poor despite working hard. While I am not sure if the rich get richer, the poor seems to be poorer in the current system.

The basic appeal of capitalism is that if you work hard, you can be successful economically. This is the basis of the American Dream which allows the younger generation without much accumulated wealth to succeed equally versus the older generation. Unfortunately, this has not worked out for the current younger generation worldwide who started working between 2008 to 2013.

Initially, the generation that started to work in this period faced difficulties finding secure jobs because the economy has not recovered. Furthermore, starting wages were not as attractive as usual. By 2008 to 2009, there were some recovery in the system but the wages did not increase significantly. From 2008 to 2015, wages stagnated in many developed countries which is a very long period of time. So this generation did not enjoy significant increase in income even though they work very hard during the mild economic recovery. On this basis alone, capitalism has not work for them. But things may just get worst.

At the start of their career in 2008, this generation do not have money to buy houses due to lack of savings. Low wages means it takes longer to save up for a house. Five years later, in 2012 to 2013, housing prices are up again due to low interest rates. So these workers have to borrow significant amounts of money to buy houses at a higher price. By the time it is 2016 and 2017, the stock market is trading at sky high valuations similar to year 2000 before the dot com crash. This is also the time when these workers have just accumulated some savings after spending on housing. So they start to invest in the stock market just when things are so expensive.

A common theme among this generation is that working is not going to generate enough income to retire, so you have to invest in something because bank savings interest rates are so low and wages are also low. Many decided to roll the dice and invest in risky investments like Bitcoin to try to get rich. The worst part is that many decided to borrow significant amounts of money to buy houses because they believe that interest rates are going to be low and house prices are going to go up for many more years to come.

Unfortunately, interest rates have begin to rise in 2018 and this is bad on two fronts. Firstly, this will likely cause asset prices to drop significantly and this generation will suffer losses if the houses they bought drop a lot in price. Secondly, they may have to pay off their debt which they incurred to buy the houses in the first place. This will further reduce the income that they have left for spending. This maybe particularly pronounced at major city centers like Hong Kong, Toronto, Sydney, New York, and London. If asset prices drop, this generation will lose their last hope for success in capitalism.

Imagine a working class worldwide with not enough wages, not enough bank interest on savings who just lost their precious savings in a crash. Further, they have to pay back their debts. What would happen? More likely than not they will have to delay starting families, and work longer hours.

In short, the current system has favour people with more capital at the beginning of year 2008 to 2009 because the only game in town was asset price appreciation. In general, wages didn’t work for most people.

Arguably, everybody loses money if there is another financial crisis. In fact, people with more capital loses more money. The main difference is leverage or debt levels. Although people with more capital loses more money, they still can survive if they have sufficient capital left without any debt to pay off. For people who don’t have money to begin and borrowed significant amounts of money, a crash will wipe them out. So technically, higher debt levels and stagnating wages over time among the poorer maybe the reason why the poor get poorer. In particular, when you have a whole generation of working class that had not much choice but to borrow money, this problem becomes more concentrated in one cohort of workers. But it does not mean the rich get richer because they will lost money too.

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Introduction: Globalization, the interconnectedness of economies and societies worldwide, has been a defining feature of the contemporary world. While it has ushered in unprecedented economic growth and cultural exchange, it has also been a double-edged sword, exacerbating existing socioeconomic inequalities. The rich have become richer, and the poor, unfortunately, more impoverished, as globalization's benefits and drawbacks are distributed unevenly. The Rich Get Richer: One of the primary consequences of globalization is the amplification of wealth accumulation among the affluent. Transnational corporations and globalized financial systems allow the wealthy to exploit favorable conditions in various countries, often at the expense of the less privileged. Multinational corporations can take advantage of lax regulations and low labor costs, further concentrating wealth in the hands of a select few. Moreover, the interconnected global economy has enabled the affluent to diversify their investments across borders, mitigating risks and maximizing returns. This ability to exploit global financial systems has led to an unprecedented accumulation of wealth, creating a global elite that transcends national boundaries. The Poor Get Poorer: Conversely, the impact of globalization on the impoverished has been less favorable. While economic growth has been a hallmark of globalization, it has not translated into equitable distribution of wealth. Developing nations often find themselves on the losing end of global trade, facing unfair terms and conditions that perpetuate their dependence on more economically powerful nations. Global competition can also lead to job displacement in less developed regions, as industries move to countries with lower production costs. This not only contributes to unemployment but also fosters a cycle of poverty, as these communities struggle to adapt to the rapidly changing economic landscape. Addressing the Imbalance: To mitigate the negative impacts of globalization, a concerted effort is required on both national and international levels. Developing nations must work collectively to negotiate fair trade agreements that prioritize sustainable development and social justice. Additionally, there is a need for global financial reforms that promote transparency, accountability, and the equitable distribution of resources. Conclusion: Globalization has undoubtedly reshaped the world, bringing about economic prosperity and cultural exchange. However, it has also perpetuated and intensified existing socioeconomic disparities. To ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared more equitably, there must be a commitment to addressing the root causes of inequality and fostering a global economic system that uplifts the poor while preventing the unchecked accumulation of wealth among the rich. Only through such concerted efforts can we harness the positive aspects of globalization while mitigating its adverse effects on the world's most vulnerable populations.

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1. Introduction: Bangladesh is a small country with growing problems. Among all problems, unemployment problem is a great one. Unemployment means the state of being without any work both for the educated and the uneducated for earning one’s livehood. The problem has spread its evil clutch all over the country. It is going from bad to worse. Thousand of people in our country are jobless now. All are getting concerned with this problems.
2. Types of unemployment: There are a few types of unemployment: 1. Involuntary (most common) 2. Voluntary 3. Transient
3. Types of unemployment:  Involuntary is where someone can not gain employment even though they are trying. Here a few:  Lack of skills  Lack of available jobs  Lack of entrepreneurship  Voluntary Unemployment is someone chooses not to work.  The benefit system in place is too generous  Too wealthy to need to work  Criminal behaviour and also criminal record  Transient, means that they are currently between jobs and will have a month or two off between one job and the next.
4. Causes of unemployment: Population growth Industrial backwardness lack of investment. Limited cultivable land Narrow productive work Lack of socialization Defective education system Lack of skills
5. Causes of unemployment: Mental/Physical Disabilities Laziness Attitude of our educated Youngman Mental stress Lack of self esteem Poor personality Drug addiction Kidnapping, Snatching, traffic jam and various types of social crime Abuse of political power
6. Unemployment situation in Bangladesh: According to a study of the International Labor Organization (ILO), the rate of growth of unemployment in Bangladesh currently is 3.7 per cent. The ILO figures also show Bangladesh in the twelfth position among the top twenty countries in the world where unemployment is rising. The number of the unemployed in Bangladesh now is estimated at 30 million. The way the rate of unemployment is increasing, it is feared that at this rate unemployment would soar to some 60 million by 2015. According to another estimate, every year some 2.7 million young persons are becoming eligible for jobs whereas only about 0.7 million of them are getting employment.
7. Unemployment rate: about 40% of the population is underemployed; many participants in the labor force country 1996 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Bangladesh 35.2 35 40 40 40 2.5 2.5 5.1 4.8 work only a few hours a week, at low wages Source: CIA World Fact book
8. Effect of unemployment problem: Unemployment is a great social evil. It makes a man idle. There is a proverb, that an idle brain is the workshop of a devil. An idle person always indulges in mischief. So unemployment leads people to various unsocial activities which hamper the normal course of social life. Besides, lack of opportunities for employment makes people frustrated to take education.
9. Solution of unemployment problem: To solve the problem some measures may be taken. The first necessary thing for the solution of the problem is that a large number of mills, factories and firms should be set up throughout the country so that the unemployed can work there. Vocational training should be introduced and students should have some training in it. Our students and youths should be encouraged to respect manual labor and choose an independent career. The government should be honest and sincere in their plans and policies. Above all, the growth of population should be kept within reasonable limit.
10. Conclusion:  Unfortunately, there is no one conclusion to unemployment. Chances are that countries will always have a rate of unemployment - even in prosperous times such as after the Second World War, there was still a rate of unemployment, although it was very low. Some economic theories such as Keynesianism suggest that the government of a country should hold employment as its top priority. Other theories such as Monetarism suggest that, by focusing government attention on strict controls on the amount of money circulating within a country's economy, unemployment will also come down.

Tamanna Tabassum Moulee Sec-BBA (4D) NUB

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Some people argue that banning foreign goods could help boost our own economy. By limiting the availability of foreign products, they say, we can encourage people to buy locally-made goods instead. This would support our own businesses and industries, leading to more jobs and economic growth.

On the other hand, others argue that banning foreign goods could actually hurt our economy in the long run. They say that competition from foreign companies can help keep prices down and drive innovation. Plus, banning foreign goods could lead to retaliatory measures from other countries, hurting our trade relationships and limiting our access to important resources.

So, should we ban foreign goods for the sake of our national development? Well, it's not a simple yes or no answer. It's a balancing act, weighing the potential benefits against the potential drawbacks.

Yes, supporting local businesses and industries is important for our national development. But we also need to consider the benefits of global trade and competition. Perhaps instead of banning foreign goods outright, we can focus on supporting and promoting our own products while still engaging in fair trade with other countries.

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Renowned teacher and columnist Syed Manzoorul Islam of Dhaka University has pointed out the ineffectiveness and immoral idea of hartal to achieve any goal or political advantage in his write-up in a national daily. He said that hartal cannot be a tool of any protest and none could achieve anything by calling hartal during the last two decades. So, our political parties should decide not to call any hartal in the future. He also proposed some alternative ways to get public support and political benefit rather than calling hartal. So we think hartal should be banned.

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Introduction: Hartal, a form of protest involving the organized shutdown of businesses and public services, has been a prevalent means of expressing dissent in Bangladesh. While proponents argue that it is a powerful tool for socio-political change, others contend that its negative impacts on the economy and public life outweigh its benefits. This article aims to examine both the positive and negative consequences of banning hartal in the context of Bangladesh. Positive Impact: Economic Stability: Banning hartal could lead to increased economic stability by preventing disruptions to businesses and daily activities. The frequent imposition of hartals often results in financial losses for businesses and hampers the overall economic productivity of the country. Public Safety: Prohibiting hartal can enhance public safety by preventing the potential for violence and clashes during protests. Hartals sometimes escalate into situations where public and private properties are damaged, leading to security concerns. Social Harmony: Banning hartal may contribute to social harmony by reducing the polarization that often accompanies these protests. Continuous disruptions and confrontations can strain community relationships and hinder social cohesion. Negative Impact: Suppression of Dissent: Banning hartal might be perceived as an infringement on the right to freedom of expression and assembly. Critics argue that such a ban could stifle dissent and limit citizens' ability to voice their grievances through non-violent means. Political Expression: Hartals have historically served as a platform for citizens to express their dissatisfaction with government policies. A ban on hartal may limit the avenues through which citizens can peacefully communicate their concerns and engage in political discourse. Impact on Opposition Parties: Banning hartal may disproportionately affect opposition parties, limiting their ability to mobilize public support and express dissent against the ruling government. This could potentially create an imbalance in the political landscape. Conclusion: The debate surrounding the banning of hartal in Bangladesh is complex, involving considerations of economic stability, public safety, social harmony, and political expression. Striking a balance between maintaining order and upholding democratic principles is essential. Policymakers must carefully evaluate the potential consequences before deciding whether to ban hartal or explore alternative methods of protest that protect public welfare without compromising fundamental rights.

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Can People Power Triumph Over Pollution? Two Sides of the Coin. Environmental pollution casts a long shadow over our planet, threatening ecosystems and human health. While governments grapple with crafting effective policies and regulations, a bold voice is rising: can public awareness alone truly curb this growing crisis?

In the corner of optimism, advocates for "people power" argue that informed individuals make responsible choices. When people understand the consequences of their actions, they're more likely to adopt sustainable practices. Imagine grocery aisles brimming with reusable bags, cars replaced by bicycles, and energy bills slashed through conscious conservation. Studies by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication show that increased awareness of climate change correlates with pro-environmental behavior. A 2020 National Geographic survey further revealed that 70% of Americans believe individuals have a significant role in protecting the environment. This groundswell of individual commitment, fueled by education, campaigns, and community initiatives, can drive lasting change.

However, skeptics paint a different picture. They argue that individual actions, while commendable, are often dwarfed by the systemic forces causing pollution. Industrial giants spewing emissions, unsustainable agricultural practices, and the sheer scale of modern waste generation require more than a few conscientious consumers. Without stricter regulations and enforcement, they argue, environmental damage will continue unabated. This perspective finds support in research by the University of California, Berkeley, which suggests that individual actions alone are insufficient to combat climate change without strong policy interventions.

The truth, as in most complex issues, likely lies somewhere in the middle. While individual awareness and action are crucial to fostering a culture of environmental responsibility, effective policies remain essential to tackling systemic issues. A 2019 study published in Nature Sustainability highlights the need for a synergistic approach: individuals changing their behavior combined with strong governance and technological advancements.

Imagine a future where conscious consumers choose green products, but corporations are held accountable for pollution through stringent regulations. Where individuals compost in their backyards, but large-scale waste management systems prioritize recycling and renewable energy. This synergy represents the true path to a cleaner planet.

Therefore, the debate between "people power" and government intervention is not a zero-sum game. It's a call for collaboration, where informed individuals push for stricter policies, hold corporations accountable, and inspire each other to adopt sustainable practices. Only through this united effort can we hope to truly curb environmental pollution and ensure a healthy future for generations to come.

Sources:

Yale Program on Climate Change Communication: https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/

National Geographic Survey: https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/climate-change

University of California, Berkeley research: https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/co-benefits-of-addressing-climate-change-can-motivate-action-arou

Nature Sustainability study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-023-01861-8

By acknowledging both sides of the debate and emphasizing the need for a collaborative approach, we can foster a more nuanced and effective conversation about tackling environmental pollution. Remember, a cleaner planet depends not just on individual choices, but on a collective commitment to change.

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How does illiteracy help to increase the population growth rate? Illiteracy as such is not a determinant of fertility. When people live in villages and grow food, regardless of whether they are literate or not, they have high fertility. Literacy does not make them wiser. One does not need to be literate to understand the choice between a small number versus a large number of children. In the village, having to do backbreaking hard manual labor in traditional agriculture, there is constant shortage of labor and there is no advantage to having a smaller number of children. The cost of raising a human child is often less than that of raising a calf and people have no reason to worry. The idea that had people chosen to raise fewer children, they would be better off is a serious error. The error comes from the idea that if the land is the same as before, and the labor is half, than the land gives the same crops with half the labor, and per worker amount of food is double. This is utterly nonsensical. If the labor is half, the output is half, because people just have to let half the land go to fallow. There is no reason for them to produce more food that they cannot eat. We will later show the evil consequences of overproduction of food. By not studying history, the idle thinker does not learn that food shortage was never a general problem, though it occurred sporadically and in localized areas. The big problem was the lack of effective medicine to fight of germs, bacteria and virus. Deaths owing to starvation are just nothing compared to deaths owing to diseases. When industrial revolution arrived, people moved out of villages and went to towns to produce industrial goods. Their quality of life dramatically improved. They got better medicine, better clothing, better housing and better transport, and incomparably better entertainment. But they saw that to take part in the urban professions, their children had to get vocational or professional education to learn the productive skills. Nobody needed education to get better ideas. That is, it is an elementary mistake to suppose that people need education to think better. Education makes one learn skills, not wisdom. A mechanic that can fix your car is not wiser than you are, he just has the skill you do not have. A doctor is not wiser than you are, he just has the skill to figure out the correct course of medical action. Now, with more productive skill, a man can earn more than without the skill. But learning the skill is very costly, and the parents are compelled to reduce the number of children if they want them to get costly education. Urban parents have fewer children than the rural ones, not because the urban ones are wiser or smarter, but because the urban parents face the cost of giving education to the children while the rural parents do not have to bother with education. Do girls need education to learn to cook and clean the house, wash the cloth, and sleep with the husband? No, of course not. But educated urban males want wives that can attend the theater or read a book and in general speak properly. And that is why they want the wife to be educated. But send the girls to college, and it compels the girls to delay their marriages, and the delay alone is responsible for roughly half of the fertility reduction. Just by sending girls to college and delaying marriage, you can reduce fertility rate from 6 to 3 per mother. So literacy works not by giving better ideas, but by forcing delayed marriage and the use of contraception is forced upon by the high cost of giving education to children. The high fertility is a feature of rural peasant life. And so is poverty. More than 90% of the world’s poor are poor for the simple reason: they produce too much food, push the price of food far below cost, and make themselves poorer. The idea that had there been fewer people, they would be richer is counter-factual in the rural context. You do not get richer by producing more food. You get richer by producing everything other than food. People make a big mistake when they focus only on food, and link food to land. To get richer, you do not produce more food and do not need more land, but you need to make a battery or a pen drive or a disc bearing songs or a book containing printed words. Mostly, you need to produce/provide services that require almost zero natural resource, such as by singing or teaching or inspiring or giving psychotherapy. Natural resource cannot make you richer, human resource can. So you want economic development? It means you want to sing more and dance more rather than eat more. And then you see why you have nothing to worry about land (natural resource) and food. And you do not need better ideas: you need the skills.

Mohammad Gani 

Professor at Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB) (2006–present)4yr

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Are people born criminals or does society make them so?
Originally Answered: Are people born criminals or society makes them so?
When it comes to the question of whether criminals are born or created by their environment, I can only speak from my own perspective. I know some may disagree with my point of view and that is okay. This week I watched a show on PBS, and it showed some people have what they called a warrior gene. Although many convicted violent criminals had this gene, there were also many normal productive law abiding citizens who are possessed this gene. The overriding factor was the type of environment these individuals grew up in. This is a point of view I agree with nurture over nature.

Psychologists believe all criminals share one personality defect and that is being anti-social. My definition of anti-social is selfish or self-centered. When we look at criminals and criminality from this point of view it gives us a new perspective to work from. Crime is about someone so caught up in themselves they cannot see the impact their actions are having on others.

Over the years I have been blessed to speak to many at risk youth. I must say with the over one thousand I have spoken with they were all good kids who struggled with certain core issues. It has been a similar experience when working with grown men in prison. Many of those kids and men adopted a selfish and self-centered attitude because everything outside of them said they were less than or nothing. Once someone is in this state of mind about themselves it becomes easy to take another human being’s life for some two hundred dollar shots. While wearing those shoes, I finally feel as though I am normal.

We live in an anti-social society. As someone said, “we will put more into recycling a can than in helping rehabilitate a man.” Each law is passed with an us against them mentality. So yes, the environment we have created is one conducive of criminality and not of change. I may become homeless because of not having a job but I will never be homeless once I commit a crime.

I could not speak for all types of criminality because it would take forever. This is a subject I am very passionate about. I see how men here change their lives around because San Quentin has an environment conducive to change. Next time you find yourself in a rough part of town, notice how you change. I try as best I can to remain conscious of the environment I am in, so that I don’t harm someone because I’m too caught up in me

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